PSYCHOLOGY
PSYCHOLOGY
The scientific study of the mind and behavior is called psychology.
The study of conscious and unconscious events, such as emotions and thoughts, is included in psychology.
It is a field of study that bridges the scientific and social sciences and has a huge reach.
Psychologists are interested in learning about the brain's emergent features, which connects psychology to neuroscience.
Psychologists seek to comprehend both individual and community behavior in their roles as social scientists.
The Greek letter (psi), which begins the word psyche, from which the name psychology is derived (see below), is frequently connected to science.
A psychologist is a trained expert in the field or a researcher who works in it.
Some psychologists can be categorized as cognitive or behavioral scientists.
Some psychologists make an effort to comprehend how mental processes affect both individual and group behavior.
Others investigate the physiological and neurological mechanisms behind the actions and behaviors of the brain.
Research on perception, cognition, attention, emotion, intellect, subjective experiences, motivation, brain function, and personality is conducted by psychologists.
Interpersonal interactions, psychological resilience, family resilience, and other social psychology-related topics are all of interest to psychologists.
They also take the unconscious mind into account.
To infer causal and correlational links between psychosocial variables, research psychologists use empirical methodologies.
Clinical and counseling psychologists use symbolic interpretation to some extent, although not all of them.
While psychological knowledge is frequently used to diagnose and treat mental health issues, it is also focused on comprehending and resolving issues in a variety of human endeavors.
According to numerous sources, psychology's ultimate goal is to help society
Psychotherapy is a common therapeutic activity for psychologists, who often work in clinical, counseling, or educational settings.
Other psychologists carry out scientific study on a variety of issues pertaining to thought and behavior.
The latter kind of psychologists often works in university settings (e.g., universities, medical schools, or hospitals).
A different group of psychologists worworksin institutional and corporate settings.
Some others are engaged in work related to media, sports, health, forensic science, education, and human development
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Definitions and etymologies
The Greek term psyche, which means spirit or soul, is where the word psychology comes from.
The term "psychologyfinal "'s "ology" stems from the Greek word "ologia," which means "study" or "research."
In his work Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae (Psychology, on the Nature of the Human Soul), the Croatian humanist and Latinist Marko Maruli used the Latin word psychologia for the first time. This occurred in the late 15th or early 16th century
The term "psychology" was first used in English by Steven Blankaart in The Physical Dictionary in 1694.
"Anatomy, which treats the body, and psychology, which treats the soul," according to the dictionary.
Psychology was coined by William James in 1890 as "the science of mental life, both of its manifestations and their circumstances."
This definition has been widely used for many years.
Nevertheless, radical behaviorists like John B. Watson challenged this interpretation, claiming that the field is a "natural science" whose theoretical objective "is the prediction and control of behavior."
Because James gave a definition of "psychology," scientific experimentation is now more firmly implied by the word.
Folk psychology is the knowledge of human mental states and actions by regular people as opposed to psychological specialists.
First experiments in psychology
Wilhelm Wundt (sitting) and his colleagues in their groundbreaking psychological laboratory.
The philosopher John Stuart Mill held that science could study the human mind, despite some of the discipline's limitations.
In his "mental chemistry" theory, Mill suggested that simple concepts may mix to form more sophisticated ones.
In the 1830s, Georg Fechner started his psychophysics studies at Leipzig.
He explained the idea that a stimulus's strength determines how a stimulus is perceived by a pers
Wilhelm Wundt (sitting) and his colleagues in their groundbreaking psychological laboratory.
The philosopher John Stuart Mill held that science could study the human mind, despite some of the discipline's limitations.
[26]
In his "mental chemistry" theory, Mill suggested that simple concepts may mix to form more sophisticated ones.
[26]
In the 1830s, Georg Fechner started his psychophysics studies at Leipzig.
He explained the idea that a stimulus's strength determines how a stimulus is perceived by a person.
Another influential figure in the subject throughout the 19th century was the German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus, who worked as a researcher at the University of Berlin.
He established quantitative theories of learning and forgetting and was a pioneer in the experimental study of memory.
Kurt Koffka, Max Wertheimer, and Wolfgang Kohler developed the Gestalt psychology school in the early 20th century (not to be confused with the Gestalt therapy of Fritz Perls).
Gestalt psychology bases its method on the notion that people see objects as cohesive wholes.
The Gestaltists argued that the totality of experience is significant and varies from the sum of its pieces rather than breaking ideas and behavior down into smaller component parts, as in structuralism.
Soon after Wundt established his labs, psychologists in Germany, Denmark, Austria, England, and the US did likewise.
American G. Stanley Hall, a student of Wundt's, established a psychology lab that attracted attention from all over the world.
The Johns Hopkins University served as the site of the lab.
Hall in turn educated Yujiro Motora, who brought experimental psychology to the Imperial University of Tokyo with a focus on psychophysics.
Streamlining and financing
La Société de Psychologie Physiologique in France, which existed from 1885 until 1893, was one of the first psychological organizations.
In August 1889, at the World's Fair commemorating the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution, the International Congress of Psychology, sponsored by the International Union of Psychological Science, had its inaugural meeting in Paris.
Three Americans out of the 400 guests included William James.
Soon after, in 1892, the American Psychological Association (APA) was established.
The International Congress was still held with significant international participation at several places around Europe.
Presentations were given during the Sixth Congress in Esperanto as well as in Russian, Chinese, and Japanese, which was held in Geneva in 1909.
The Seventh Congress convened at Oxford after a break for World War I, with a sizably increased presence from the war-victorious Anglo-Americans.
Many APA members attended the 1929 Congress, which was held at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.
Leading the way in introducing modern psychology to the East was Tokyo Imperial University.
From Japan, fresh psychological concepts spread to China.
Institutions for disciplinary action
List of psychological associations is areother resource.
The International Congress of Psychotechnics Applied to Vocational Guidance, subsequently known as the International Congress of Psychotechnics and finally the International Association of Applied Psychology, was founded in 1920 by Édouard Claparède and Pierre Bovet.
The IAAP is said to be the first worldwide psychological association.
At least 65 worldwide organizations work on specific areas of psychology today.
[The National Council of Women Psychologists was founded in 1941 by female psychologists in the United States in response to the male domination of the profession.
After World War II, this group changed its name to the International Council of Psychologists, and in 1959, it became the International Council of Women Psychologists.
To encourage the integration of non-European racial groups in the field, a number of organisations have emerged, notably the Association of Black Psychologists and the Asian American Psychological Association.
The global federation of national psychological societies is known as the International Union of Psychological Science (IUPsyS).
With the sponsorship of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization, the IUPsyS was established in 1951. (UNESCO.
Since then, psychology departments have mushroomed all over the world, mostly based on the Euro-American paradigm.
The International Journal of Psychology has been printed by the Union since 1966.
In 1976, both the IAAP and IUPsyS decided to alternately convene a congress every four years.
There are at least 15 more national psychological associations in addition to the 66 recognized by IUPsyS.
The oldest and biggest is the American Psychological Association.
From 5,000 members in 1945 to 100,000 members as of the present.
The 54 divisions of the APA have continuously expanded to cover more specializations since 1960.
Several of these organizations, such the American Psychology-Law Society and the Association for the Psychological Research of Social Problems, had independent beginnings.
The 1951-founded Interamerican Psychological Society seeks to advance psychology in the Western Hemisphere.
The Interamerican Congress of Psychology is held there, and as of 2000, it had 1,000 members.
The European Federation of Professional Psychology Associations was established in 1981 and is made up of 30 national groups with a combined membership of 100,000 people.
There are at least 30 other international organizations that represent psychologists worldwide.
Governments in various locations have laws governing who is allowed to offer psychological treatments or identify themselves as a "psychologist.
A psychologist is defined by the APA as someone who holds a PhD degree in psychology.
Significant schools of thinking
Biological
Article subject: Cognitive neuroscience
False-color depictions of the damaged brain fiber networks, according to Van Horn et al.[V]: 3
In general, psychologists view biology as the foundation for cognition and emotion, making it a significant field of study.
The study of the physiological and genetic systems underpinning behavior in people and other animals is the focus of behavioral neuroscience, which is often referred to as biological psychology.
The scientific investigation of non-human animal behavior and thought processes falls under the umbrella of comparative psychology.
significant schools of thinking.Individual persons with mental deficiencies attributable to physical brain injury have spurred new findings in this field, from Phineas Gage to H.M. and Clive Wearing.
One may argue that the modern field of behavioral neuroscience dates back to the 1870, when Paul Broca in France demonstrated hemispheric lateralization of brain activity by linking speech production to the left frontal lobe.
Shortly later, Carl Wernicke discovered a similar region crucial for speech comprehension.
The physical underpinnings of behavior are the main focus of modern behavioral neuroscience.
The neurological, genetic, and cellular mechanisms underlying behaviors involved in learning, memory, and fear reactions are being studied by behaviorial neuroscientists using animal models, frequently focusing on rats,
Cognitive neuroscientists examine the neurological bases of human psychological processes utilizing technologies from neural imaging.
Neuropsychologists perform psychological evaluations to ascertain how a person's intellect and behavior connect to their brain.
Evolutionary psychology takes a contemporary evolutionary stance when studying thinking and behavior.
According to this viewpoint, psychological adaptations developed to deal with recurring issues in the settings of early humans.
The goal of evolutionary psychology is to understand how human psychological characteristics have evolved as adaptations, the product of sexual or natural selection throughout the period of human development.
Evidence of racism may be discovered throughout the history of psychology's biological roots.
Throughout the course of Europeans conquering the planet, the notion of white supremacy and even the contemporary concept of race itself emerged.
According to Carl von Linnaeus's four-category description of people, Europeans are categorized as stern and clever, Americans as happy and free, Asians as ritualistic, and Africans as lazy and arbitrary.
Moreover, the invention of socially specific mental illnesses like drapetomania and dysaesthesia aethiopica—the conduct of rebellious African slaves—was justified on the grounds of race.
"Ethnical psychology" originated as a subdiscipline of psychology after the development of experimental psychology on the theory that researching prehistoric races will reveal a crucial connection between animal behavior and the psychology of more advanced people.
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