The Amazing Anatomy of the Lungs
In humans and the majority of other creatures, including some snails and a few fish, the lungs serve as the main breathing organs.
Mammals and the majority of other vertebrates have two lungs, one on either side of the heart, close to the backbone.
They perform the gas exchange process in the respiratory system, which involves taking oxygen from the air and transferring it into the bloodstream while releasing carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere.
Different muscle systems in various species control breathing.
Different muscles are used by mammals, reptiles, and birds to support and promote respiration.
The buccal pumping mechanism used by older tetrapod's to force air into the lungs is still used by amphibians.
Both the left and right lungs are present in humans.
They are located in the chest's thoracic cavity.
The left lung, which shares space with the heart in the chest, is larger and heavier than the right lung.
Together, the lungs weigh around 1.3 kilos (2.9 pounds).
The conducting zone transports air into the lower respiratory tract, which includes the lungs, which starts at the trachea and branch into the bronchi and bronchioles.
The terminal bronchioles mark the conclusion of the conducting zone.
These split into the respiratory bronchioles of the respiratory zone, which split into the alveolar sacs, which contain the alveoli where gas exchange occurs, and the alveolar ducts.
There are also a few alveoli.
A range of respiratory illnesses, including pneumonia and lung cancer, can have an influence on lung tissue.
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are two types of chronic obstructive lung disease that can be induced by smoking or exposure to harmful substances.
Substances such as coal dust, asbestos fibers, and crystalline silica dust can induce a variety of occupational lung illnesses.
Bronchitis, for example, can impact the respiratory tract.
As in pulmonology, medical terms related to the lung may begin with pulmo-, from the Latin pulmonarius (of the lungs), or with pneumo- (from Greek v, "lung"), as in pneumonia.
The Structure of lungs[Anatomy]
The lungs are positioned in the rib cage on each side of the heart in the chest.
They have a conical form with a broad concave base that rests on the convex surface of the diaphragm and a little, rounded apex at the top.
Just above the sternal end of the first rib, the apex of the lung extends into the root of the neck
The lungs extend from the rib cage at the backbone to the front of the chest and downwards from the lower section of the trachea to the diaphragm.
To accommodate the heart, the left lung has an indentation in its border known as the cardiac notch.
Fissures
The fissures are produced during early fetal development by invaginations of the visceral pleura, which separate the lobar bronchi and segment the lungs into lobes, allowing them to expand.
A horizontal and an oblique fissure separate the right lung into three lobes.
The left lung is divided into two lobes by an oblique fissure, which is almost parallel to the oblique fissure in the right lung.
The upper horizontal fissure in the right lung separates the top (superior) lobe from the middle lobe.
The lower lobe is separated from the middle and upper lobes by an oblique fissure.
Fissures that are either incompletely formed or exist as an extra fissure, such as the Azygos fissure, are rather common.
Segments
The main bronchi, also known as the major bronchi, enter the lungs at the hilum and divide into secondary bronchi, often referred to as lobar bronchi, which carry air to each lung lobe.
The lobar bronchi branch into tertiary bronchi, also known as segmental bronchi, which give air to the bronchopulmonary segments, which are additional divisions of the lobes.
The segmental bronchus and vascular supply of the bronchopulmonary system are unique to each segment.
The table shows segments for the left and right lungs.
Clinically, segmental anatomy is important for localizing disease processes in the lungs.
A segment is a separate unit that may be surgically removed without causing significant damage to surrounding tissue.
The right lung
The right lung has a greater number of lobes and segments than the left.
It is separated into three lobes, top, middle, and lower, by two oblique and horizontal fissures.
The higher, horizontal fissure divides the upper and middle lobes.
It starts in the lower oblique fissure at the posterior border of the lung and runs horizontally forward, cutting the anterior border on a level with the sternal end of the fourth costal cartilage; it may be traced back to the hilum on the mediastinal surface.
The lower oblique fissure separates the lower from the middle and higher lobes and is nearly aligned with the left lung's oblique fissures.
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