BLOOD PRESSURE
BLOOD PRESSURE
Blood pressure (BP) is the force exerted by moving blood against blood vessel walls.
The heart's action of pumping blood through the circulatory system is mostly responsible for this pressure.
The pressure in the major arteries is meant when the word "blood pressure" is used without a qualifier.
Systolic pressure, or the highest pressure during one pulse, is typically stated as the ratio of diastolic pressure, or the lowest pressure between two heartbeats, in blood pressure measurements.
It is expressed as a millimeter of mercury (mmHg) above the air pressure in the immediate vicinity.
Together with respiratory rate, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and body temperature, blood pressure is one of the vital indicators that medical practitioners consider when assessing a patient's health.
Adults typically have a resting blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg, which is defined as having a systolic pressure of 16 kPa and a diastolic pressure of 11 kPa.
Since 1975, the age-standardized global average blood pressure has roughly been 127/79 mmHg for males and 122/77 mmHg for women; however, these average values conceal widely divergent regional trends.
Historically, a healthcare professional would use an aneroid gauge or a mercury-tube sphygmomanometer to measure blood pressure non-invasively by auscultation (listening) with a stethoscope for noises in one arm's artery as the artery was pressed closer to the heart.
For noninvasive blood pressure measurements in clinics, auscultation is still often regarded as the gold standard of accuracy.
Although affordabilitythe , convenience of use, and application to ambulatory blood pressure or home blood pressure measures have also encouraged this trend, semi-automated approaches have increasingly become popular, partly due to worries about potential mercury toxicity.
Early automated replacements for mercury-tube sphygmomanometers were frequently badly off, while contemporary systems certified to international standards achieve an average difference between two standardized reading techniques of 5 mm Hg,
and a standard deviation of 8 mm Hg or less.
The majority of these semi-automated techniques use oscillometry to assess blood pressure (measurement by a pressure transducer in the cuff of the device of small oscillations of intra-cuff pressure accompanying heartbeat-induced changes in the volume of each pulse).
Blood volume, arterial stiffness, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, and the patient's circumstances, emotional state, activity level, and overall health or disease condition all affect blood pressure.
Baroreceptors control blood pressure in the short term by influencing the neurological and endocrine systems through the brain.
Blood pressure that is regularly too high or too low is referred to as hypertension, whereas normal blood pressure is referred to as normotension.
Both hypertension and hypotension have several underlying causes and can manifest gradually over time or suddenly.
Long-term hypertension raises the risk of various illnesses, such as renal failure, heart disease, and stroke.
More people than long-term hypotension have long-term hypertension.
Age and systemic artery pressure
Pregnancy blood pressure
Further details:
Fetal blood flow and blood pressure
The fetal heart, not the mother's, incres the fetal blood pressure throughout pregnancy in order to push blood through the fetal circulation.
Around 20 weeks of gestation, the blood pressure in the fetal aorta is roughly 30 mmHg, and it rises to about 45 mmHg by 40 weeks.
For newborns who are full-term, the typical blood pressure is:
- 65 to 95 mmHg systolic
- 30–60 mmHg during diastole
Blood pressure in the lungs
Pulmonary artery pressure, in brief
During rest, the pulmonary artery normally has a pressure of around 15 mmHg.
Pulmonary hypertension, which develops when there is an increase in blood pressure in the capillaries of the lung, can result in pulmonary edema and interstitial edema at pressures exceeding 20 and 25 mmHg, respectively.
Systemic mean pressure
Principal Concept: Mean Systemic Pressure
Blood pressure decreases when the heart stops, but it never reaches zero.
The phrase "mean systemic pressure" or "mean circulatory filling pressure" refers to the pressure that remains after the heart has stopped beating and the blood has been redistributed throughout the circulation; this pressure is normally around 7 mm Hg.
Blood pressure issues
High blood pressure, low blood pressure, and blood pressure that fluctuates excessively or unnecessarily are all symptoms of blood pressure management disorders.
High blood pressure
Outline of the primary effects of chronic high blood pressure
Arterial hypertension may have negative long-term implications and can be a sign of additional issues.
It may occasionally be a severe issue, such as a hypertensive emergency.
The artery walls are mechanically stressed by arterial pressure levels.
Greater pressures increase the burden on the heart and accelerate the development of atheroma, an abnormal tissue growth inside the walls of arteries.
The heart muscle tends to thicken, expand, and weaken with time as a result of increased pressure, more stress, and atheroma development.
Chronic hypertension is the main cause of chronic kidney failure and one of the risk factors for strokes, heart attacks, heart failure, and arterial aneurysms.
A little increase in arterial pressure already shortens life expectancy.
Without proper treatment, a person with significantly high pressures—mean arterial pressures that are 50% or more over average—can only be expected to live a few years.
In the past, diastolic pressure received the majority of attention, but today it is understood that risk factors for heart disease also include high systolic pressure and high pulse pressure (the difference in numbers between systolic and diastolic pressures).
Because of the increasing gap between systolic and diastolic pressures, it appears that in some circumstances a reduction in high diastolic pressure may actually increase risk.
Isolated systolic hypertension occurs when the systolic blood pressure is high (>140 mmHg) but the diastolic blood pressure is normal (90 mmHg), and it might be dangerous.
Systolic blood pressure of 130 mm Hg is now regarded as hypertensive at all ages, under the 2017,Ame rican College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Blood Pressure Guidelines.
This will increase the number of hypertension diagnoses in people of all ages.
A shift in diastolic pressure may be related to a change in the degree of heart valve regurgitation in people who have it.
Aortic and mitral regurgitation severity rose with increasing diastolic blood pressure, but severity reduced with decreasing diastolic blood pressure, according to a study of individuals with heart valve regurgitation that compared data taken two weeks apart for each individual.
A shift in diastolic pressure may be related to a change in the degree of heart valve regurgitation in people who have it.
Aortic and mitral regurgitation severity rose with increasing diastolic blood pressure, but severity reduced with decreasing diastolic blood pressure, according to a study of individuals with heart valve regurgitation that compared data taken two weeks apart for each individual.
Low blood pressure
Hypotension is a term for low blood pressure.
If it results in symptoms or indications such lightheadedness, fainting, or in severe cases circulatory shock, it is a medical problem.
Low arterial pressure can be brought on by:
- Sepsis
- Blood loss from hemorrhaging
- cardiovascular shock
- Hypotension that is neurally mediated (or reflex syncope)
- Hazardous dosages of blood pressure medication are among the toxins.
- anomalies in hormones, such as Addison's disease
- eating disorders, especially bulimia and anorexia nervosa.
Orthostatic hematoma
Orthostatic hypotension (postural hypotension), which is characterized by a significant drop in blood pressure upon standing (permanent systolic/diastolic blood pressure decline of >20/10 mm Hg), is a result of the body's inability to counteract the circulation-damaging effects of gravity.
Standing causes the lower limb blood vessels' hydrostatic pressure to rise.
Around 500 cc of blood is transferred from the chest and upper body as a result of the venous pooling that results from the distension of the veins below the diaphragm.
This causes a sharp decline in the volume of the central blood flow and a reduction in ventricular preload, which in turn lowers the volume of the stroke and the mean arterial pressure.
The autonomic nervous system is activated, which raises heart rate, myocardial contractility, and systemic arterial vasoconstriction to maintain blood pressure, as well as eliciting venous vasoconstriction to reduce venous compliance. Usually, this is compensated for by a severalof processes.
A myogenic intrinsic rise in venous smooth muscle tone as a result of the increased pressure in the lower body's veins also contributes to decreased venous compliance.
The venoarteriolar axon reflex, the "skeletal muscle pump," and the "respiratory pump" are further compensatory processes.
These processes work in unison to control blood pressure in under a minute.
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The perfusion of the brain becomes severely disturbed (i.e., the blood supply is insufficient) if these compensatory mechanisms fail and arterial pressure and blood flow fall below a particular point, resulting in dizziness, lightheadedness, and confusion.
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