VIRUS
A virus is an infectious submicroscopic creature that only reproduces inside live cells.
baa cterial disease affecting tobacco plants and Martinus Beijerinck's discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus in 1898.
[Viruses are the most common sort of living organism and may be found in practically all ecosystems on Earth.
Virology, a branch of microbiology, is the study of viruses.
A host cell that has been infected is frequently compelled to quickly make thousands of copies of the original virus.
When not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist as independent viral particles or virions. These virions are made up of
(i) the genetic material, which is long molecules of DNA or RNA that encode the structure of the proteins the virus uses to replicate;
(ii) a protein coat, the capsid, which surrounds and protects the genetic material; and
(iii) in some cases, an external envelope of lipids.
These viral particles come in a variety of configurations, from straightforward helical and icosahedral forms to more intricate ones.
The virions of most virus species are oone-tenthtenth of a millimeter in size, too tiny to be detected with an optical microscope.
It is uncertain where viruses first appeared in the evolutionary history of life. Some viruses may have descended from bacteria, while others may have originated from plasmids, which are DNA fragments that can migrate between cells.
Throughout the process of evolution, viruses play a key role in horizontal gene transfer, which boosts genetic variety similarly to sexual reproduction.
Some biologists believe that viruses are living forms because they carry genetic material, reproduce, and change via natural selection, despite the fact that they lack essential traits, including cell structure, that are typically thought to be crucial requirements for defining life.
The term "organisms at the edge of life" and "replicators" have been used to characterize viruses since they have some but not all of these characteristics.
Viruses can spread in a variety of ways.
For example, viruses are frequently spread from plant to plant by insects that feed on plant sap, such as aphids, while viruses in mammals can be transported by blood-sucking insects.
Coughing and sneezing transmit several virtues in the air, including influenza viruses, SARS-CoV-2, chickenpox, smallpox, and measles.
Norovirus and rotavirus, which are major causes of viral gastroenteritis, are transferred by the fiscal -oral channel, which is communicated through hand-to-mouth contact or through food or water.
The infectious dosage of norovirus necessary to cause human infection is less than 100 particles.
HIV is one of numerous viruses that may be spread through sexual interaction and contact with contaminated blood.
A virus's host range refers to the range of host cells that it may infect.
A virus may have a small range of host species it may infect or a vast range of host species it can infect.
Animals with viral infections experience an immunological reaction, which often clears the virus from the body.
Vaccines, which impart synthetically acquired immunity to taparticular viral illness, can also trigger immune responses.
Certain viruses, such as those that result in HIV/AIDS, HPV infection, and viral hepatitis, manage to elude these immune reactions and produce persistent infections.
Antiviral medications have been produced in many classes.
Origins
Likewise, see viral evolution
Viruses occur everywhere there is life, and they have probably been around ever since the origin of living cells.
Since viruses do not leave fossils, it is unknown where they came from, hence their genesis is being studied using molecular approaches.
Moreover, rarely, viral genetic material fuses with the host species' germlines, allowing for long-term vertical transmission to the host's progeny.
Pale-ovirologists may utilize this as a priceless resource of knowledge to track down historic viruses that date back millions of years.
To explain the origins of viruses, there are three basic hypotheses:
Regression theory
It's possible that viruses were originally tiny cells that preyed on larger ones.
Genes that were not necessary for their parasitism were gradually lost.
Living cells, like viruses, rickettsia and, chlamydia can only multiply inside host cells.
They provide evidence in favor of this theory since the genes necessary for their ability to exist outside of cells are believed to have been lost due to their reliance on parasitism.
This is also known as the "degeneracy hypothesis," "reduction hypothesis," or other similar terms.
Hypothesis of cellular oorigin
It is possible that certain viruses have originated from DNA or RNA fragments that "escaped" from the genes of a larger creature.
The escaping DNA may have originated from transposons or plasmids, which are bare DNA fragments that may migrate across cells (molecules of DNA that replicate and move around to different positions within the genes of the cell).
Transposons, which were once referred to as "jumping genes," are an example of a mobile genetic element that may be the cause of certain viruses.
They were found in maize in 1950 by Barbara McClintock.
This is also known as the "escape theory" or the "vagrancy hypothesis"
The co-evolutionary theory this
This theory, which is also known as the "virus-first hypothesis", asserts that viruses may have developed from intricate protein and nucleic acid molecules at the same time that cells first arose on Earth and were therefore reliant on cellular life for many billions of years.
Since they don't have a protein coat, RNA molecules known as viroids are not considered viruses.
They are frequently referred to as subviral agents since they share traits with multiple viruses.
Important plant pathogens include viroids.
Although they connect with the host cell and utilise the host machinery for replication, they do not code for proteins.
Although the human hepatitis delta virus's RNA genome is similar to that of viroids, it lacks the ability to make its own protein coat and instead uses one from the hepatitis B virus.
Thus, it is a flawed virus.
Once within a host cell, the hepatitis delta virus genome may replicate autonomously; but, in order to spread to additional cells, it needs the assistance of the hepatitis B virus, which contributes a protein coat.
Similar to how the mimivirus, which infects the protozoan Acanthamoeba castellanii, is necessary for the sputnik virophage to function.
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